長(zhǎng)難句分析與翻譯十大基本功 《第二章 補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)》

            

           

            

            �牐犙a(bǔ)足語(yǔ)是英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法中一個(gè)較復(fù)雜的語(yǔ)言現(xiàn)象，它表示了動(dòng)詞通過(guò)一定媒介與各詞類(lèi)之間的關(guān)系，如：動(dòng)詞與動(dòng)詞、動(dòng)詞與分詞、動(dòng)詞與名詞、動(dòng)詞與形容詞、動(dòng)詞與介詞、動(dòng)詞與副詞的關(guān)系。在閱讀中補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)出現(xiàn)的頻率也很高，是閱讀中難點(diǎn)之一。

            (1)賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)與主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。

            �牐犜谟⒄Z(yǔ)中，某些及物動(dòng)詞不僅需要賓語(yǔ)，而且還要求某個(gè)詞或詞組來(lái)補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明賓語(yǔ)，即表示賓語(yǔ)代表的人或物所發(fā)出的動(dòng)作或所處的狀態(tài)，這個(gè)詞或短語(yǔ)稱(chēng)為賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。有些語(yǔ)法書(shū)把賓語(yǔ)和補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)稱(chēng)為復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)。把帶有賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的句子改為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，則原來(lái)的賓語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)就相應(yīng)變?yōu)橹髡Z(yǔ)和主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。例如：

            I ask you to answer the question．(to answer the

            question說(shuō)明賓語(yǔ)you，不定式為賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。)

            You are asked to answer the question．(to answer the

            question說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)you，不定式為主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。)

            (2)動(dòng)詞不定式作補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。

            1)帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式：這類(lèi)動(dòng)詞有：advise，allow，ask，cause，compel，consider，en-

            able，encourage，expect，force，get，leave，order，permit，persuade，promise，request，re-

            quire，teach，tell，want，warn，wish，consider，believe，feel，find，image，know，say，suppose，think，report等用于被動(dòng)態(tài)。seen，appear，happen，prove用于主動(dòng)態(tài)。

            �牐犨@類(lèi)詞可構(gòu)成以下結(jié)構(gòu)：

            �牐牐産e+-ed牛to be+名詞

            �牐牐産e+-ed+to be+形容詞

            �牐牐産e+-ed+to be+分詞

            �牐牐産e+-ed+to be+介詞短語(yǔ)

            2)不帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式：表示視覺(jué)、聽(tīng)覺(jué)和感覺(jué)的動(dòng)詞，如：see，watch，find，observe，notice，hear，listen

            to，feel，此外還有l(wèi)et，have，make。這種動(dòng)詞用于被動(dòng)態(tài)時(shí)，還要帶to。

            �牐犐鲜龅囊曈X(jué)、聽(tīng)覺(jué)和感覺(jué)動(dòng)詞，外加smell和see可用現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。

            (3)名詞作補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。

            �牐犨@類(lèi)動(dòng)名詞有：call，name，elect，appoint，nominate，christen，crown等，。

            (4)由朋引出的名詞作補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。

            �牐犨@類(lèi)動(dòng)詞有：accept，classify，consider，define，describe，know，refer

            to，regard，state，take等。

            (5)介詞短語(yǔ)作補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。

            �牐犨@類(lèi)動(dòng)詞有：get，keep，make，protect，stop，set，prevent，free，put等。

 

            補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)在句中分析與翻譯的實(shí)例

            1. A volt is the amount of electrical pressure required to cause a

            flow of 1 ampere of electricity through a conductor that has 1 ohm

            of resistance.

            �牐犑�1安培電流通過(guò)具有1歐姆電阻的導(dǎo)體所需的電壓量稱(chēng)為1伏特。 (to

            cause．．．through．．，“使……通過(guò)……”。介詞短語(yǔ)through．。．resistance是賓語(yǔ)flow的補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。)

            2. Cigarette smoking is believed by most research workers in this

            field to be an important factor in the development of cancer of the

            lungs and cancer of the throad.

            �牐犨@個(gè)領(lǐng)域的大多數(shù)科學(xué)工作者認(rèn)為，抽煙是造成肺癌和喉癌的一個(gè)重要因素。 (to be an important

            factor．．．是主語(yǔ)smoking的補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。)

            3. It is to be emphasized that a source of electricity current is

            simply a device for causing electricity to move around a circuit.

            �牐牨仨氈�重指出，電源只不過(guò)是使電流沿著電路流動(dòng)的一種裝置。 (it是形式主語(yǔ)，代替that引出的主語(yǔ)從句。不定式短語(yǔ)to

            move．．．是賓語(yǔ)electricity的補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。)

            4. Anyone who has seen a great locomotive pulling a long train

            realizes that heat can do work, for it is the heat from burning fuel

            that makes the locomotive run.

            �牐犎魏稳嗽诳吹骄薮蟮幕疖�(chē)頭牽引著一長(zhǎng)列火車(chē)時(shí)，都會(huì)認(rèn)識(shí)到是熱能做功，因?yàn)檎�是這種從燃燒的燃料中所產(chǎn)生的熱能使火車(chē)頭運(yùn)動(dòng)。(pulling．．．和run是locomotive的補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。)

            5. The cost of photovoltaic electricity could drop enough to make

            solar cells competitive with conventional sources of electrical

            power by the mid-1990s.

            �牐牭�90年代中期，光電電力的成本將下降到足以使太陽(yáng)能電池可與一般的電源相競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的程度(competitive．．．power是賓語(yǔ)solar

            cells的補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。)

            6. The author enumerates some of the factors which make it difficult

            for the sociologist to

            conduct experiments in the same way as his colleagues in the

            physical sciences.

            �牐犠髡吡信e了某些主要原因，使社會(huì)科學(xué)家難于像他的自然科學(xué)家同事那樣以同樣的方式進(jìn)行科學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)。(difficult是形式賓語(yǔ)it的補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，it代替帶有邏輯主體的不定式短語(yǔ)for．．．to

            conduct．．．)

            7. We might thus define chemical changes as those that result in the

            formation of new sub-

            stances and involve changes in the composition of the substance.

            �牐犚蚨�我們可以把能引起新物質(zhì)的形成并能引起物質(zhì)成分改變的那種變化定義為化學(xué)變化。(define

            sth．．．a(chǎn)s．．，“把……定義為”。as those．．．為changes的賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。)

            8. Materials such as uranium and titanium do not exist in large

            quantities but they possess unusual properties which make them

            essential for certain highly specialized uses.

            �牐犫櫤外佭@樣一類(lèi)材料并不大量存在，但它們具有非凡的特性，這使得它們成為某些特殊用途所不可缺少的材料。(essential

            for．．．uses是賓語(yǔ)them的補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。them代替Materials。)

            9. Not only can temperature and light affect the conductivity, but

            also the addition of impurities to semiconductors will make it

            change greatly.

            �牐牪粌H溫度和光能夠影響其導(dǎo)電性，而且半導(dǎo)體中加一些雜質(zhì)也會(huì)使導(dǎo)電性發(fā)生很大變化。(change是不帶to的不定式作賓語(yǔ)it的補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，訌代替the

            conductivity。)

            10. The falling of an apple to the ground set Newton wondering why

            it moved towards the earth, and not upwards into the sky.

            �牐犔O(píng)果落到地上使牛頓感到奇怪，為什么蘋(píng)果向著地球運(yùn)動(dòng)而不飛向天空呢? (wondering ．．．sky是賓語(yǔ)Newton的補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。)

            11. Scientists probing further and further into the secrets of

            nature find magnetism to be important everywhere, whether it be

            within the extremely small nucleus of an atom or in the vast

            distances of the astronomical universe.

            �牐犜诓粩嗌钊胩剿鞔笞匀坏膴W秘時(shí)，科學(xué)家們發(fā)現(xiàn)，不論是在微小的原子核內(nèi)，還是在遙遠(yuǎn)的宇宙天體中，磁力都是十分重要的。(to be

            important是賓語(yǔ)magnetism的補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。)

            12. Water is considered to be of high quality and drinkable if it

            has no more than 500 parts minerals, or salts, per one million parts

            of water.

            �牐犎绻�水中所含礦物質(zhì)或鹽分不超過(guò)5 0/000，那就被認(rèn)為是高質(zhì)量和可飲用的水。(to be of．．．

            drinkable是主語(yǔ)water的補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。)

            13. Such problems have stumped researchers at Yale and other

            schools, as they try to get computers to perform simple language

            translations.

            �牐牣�(dāng)耶魯大學(xué)和其他學(xué)校的研究人員試圖讓計(jì)算機(jī)作簡(jiǎn)單的語(yǔ)言翻譯時(shí)，他們卻被這類(lèi)問(wèn)題難住了。(get sth．．。to

            do．．，“讓……做……”。to perform．．．是computers的賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。)

            14. We can see that, though we must keep as much dust as we can out

            of our houses, yet dust has a very important part to play in the

            work of nature.

            �牐犖覀兛梢钥吹剑�雖然我們的住房必須盡可能地防止灰塵，然而灰塵在自然界卻起著非常重要的作用。(out

            of．．．houses是dust的補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。)

            15. Using the same idea - having a computer guide the laser beam' s

            path - makes it possible to create a new generation of machine tools

            for the industries and factories of the future.

            �牐犂�用同樣的設(shè)想，即讓計(jì)算機(jī)來(lái)控制激光束的光路，就有可能制成供今后工業(yè)部門(mén)和工廠使用的新一代機(jī)床。(不帶to的不定式短語(yǔ)guide．．．path用作賓語(yǔ)a

            computer的補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。)

            16. When windmills were invented in the twelfth century, they had to

            be turned by hand to keep them pointing into the wind, in order to

            keep them working.

            �牐犜�12世紀(jì)發(fā)明風(fēng)車(chē)時(shí)，為了保持運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)，必須用手轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)風(fēng)車(chē)使之迎著風(fēng)向。(keep+賓語(yǔ)+現(xiàn)在分詞，“保持……”，“使……繼續(xù)……”。現(xiàn)在分詞在這種結(jié)構(gòu)中作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，如本句中的pointing和working都是賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。）

 譯路通武漢翻譯公司整理

2012.6.13